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 Female genital mutilation refers to the partial or complete removal of the external female genitals. it's typically done between infancy and therefore the age of 15, but adult women can also undergo the procedure.

The term female genital mutilation (FGM) includes any injury to a lady or girl’s genitalia for reasons aside from medical ones, commonly religious. The practice is assumed to possess started before the arrival of either Christianity or Islam. FGM is usually called clitoridectomy, but the implications of clitoridectomy are quite different from those of male circumcision. Nowadays, healthcare professionals administered more FGM operations, including up to 77 percent of cases in Egypt. However, 4 in 5 operations worldwide are still performed by a standard practitioner, often in unsanitary conditions, with serious health implications. FGM is commonest within the north-eastern, western, and eastern regions of Africa, and a few parts of the center of East and Asia. quite 200 million girls and ladies alive today are estimated to possess experienced FGM within the 30 countries where it's commonest.

Facts About female genital mutilation 

• The practice is administered for social, religious, and cultural reasons.
•  There are varying sorts of FGM, ranging in severity.
•  It is considered a person's rights offering.

 Different Types Of FGM

1. Infibulation

The vaginal opening is narrowed, and a covering seal is made. The inner or outer labia are cut and repositioned. This practice may or might not include the removal of the clitoris. Other procedures include cauterizing, scraping, incising, pricking, or piercing the genital area, for reasons aside from medical purposes.

2.Clitoridectomy

In this practice, the clitoris is partially or completely removed. The clitoris is that the most sensitive area of a lady and therefore the main explanation for her pleasure. It is a little erectile part of the feminine genitalia. Upon being stimulated, the clitoris produces sexual excitement, clitoral erection, and orgasm. 

3.Excision

The clitoris and labium are partially or completely removed. it's going to also include the removal of the labium. The labia are the lips that surround the vagina.

Complications

Removing normal, healthy genital tissue doesn't provide any health benefits, and undermines a woman’s natural functions. It also can cause complications. the precise number of fatalities thanks to FGM isn't known, but in parts of Somalia where there are not any antibiotics, it's been suggested that 1 in 3 girls who undergo the operation die due to the practice.

 Complications that will occur during or soon after FGM procedures include: 

• Bleeding 
• Bacterial infection 
• Open sores within the genital area 
• Urine retention and other urinary problems 
• Damage to nearby genital tissue 
• Severe pain, possibly resulting in a loss of consciousness

Why does it occur?

There is no medical reason for FGM. The practice occurs for a mixture of reasons, supported cultural, social, and non-secular practices.

Social reasons for why FGM occurs

In societies with low literacy rates, social convention says, “it is what others do, and what we've always done.” Social pressure and a desire to not stand out as a rebel are strong forces. In some communities, women who haven't undergone FGM aren't allowed to handle food and water because they're unclean and seen as posing a health risk to others. For these societies, it's the “proper” thing to try as a neighborhood of the feminine upbringing. it's said to organize a woman for marriage and adult life. In some cultures, people believe that an uncut clitoris will grow to the dimensions of a penis, or that FGM makes a lady more fertile.

Cultural reasons for why FGM occurs

To some, FGM represents decent sexual behavior. FGM is usually linked to virginity and being faithful during marriage. The damage to the genitalia means the prospect of a lady having illicit sexual relations is reduced – because her libido is decreased, and therefore the opening is just too narrow. Femininity and modesty are often an element. In some societies, a lady is seemed to be cleaner and more beautiful if her genitals are cut. Somebody parts, like the clitoris, which protrudes, are seen as male and unclean.

Religious reasons for why FGM occurs

None of the main religions prescribes clitoridectomy. People in some communities, especially where there are low levels of literacy, may have heard that the practice may be a religious one. Over time, religions have tolerated, encouraged, and condoned the practice; but, today, many spiritual leaders are against FGM and are involved within the movement to eradicate its practice. If the people with power and authority during a place believe and agree that FGM should prevail, it's difficult to stop it. people that may enforce its continuing include local chiefs, religious leaders, practitioners of FGM and circumcision, and a few healthcare professionals.

Reclassification

The drive to ban it's not significantly reduced its incidence. More recently, some researchers have proposed softening the approach and reclassifying it to what they call “female genital alteration.” Banning the practice, they say, can drive it underground and make it more dangerous. so as to respect cultural differences while protecting women’s health, they propose classifying interventions consistent with their effect instead of the procedure that's involved. They suggest accepting minimal procedures that don't entail long-term health risks. they assert that this approach is “culturally sensitive, doesn't discriminate on the idea of gender, and doesn't violate human rights.” However, surveys show that, in countries where FGM is common, most girls aged 15-49 think FGM should end.